Tokenization

What is tokenization?

Tokenization is the process of converting sensitive data, such as credit card numbers or personal identifiers, into non-sensitive equivalents called tokens. Tokens can be used in place of real data in transactions or data processing, greatly reducing the risk of data breaches as the tokens are useless if intercepted. This method is particularly effective in mobile payments and apps handling sensitive user information, ensuring data protection while maintaining functionality.

Summary

Tokenization is a crucial security strategy in mobile applications, transforming sensitive data into non-sensitive tokens to mitigate the risk of data breaches. This approach not only complies with regulatory requirements but also secures mobile payments and user data effectively. By safeguarding sensitive information throughout the data lifecycle, tokenization reduces the potential for fraud and unauthorized access, making it an essential component of modern mobile application security frameworks. The balance between usability and security that tokenization offers makes it a preferred choice for developers and businesses aiming to enhance data protection without compromising on functionality.

Deep dive

How is a token created?

Tokenization involves taking a piece of sensitive data, such as a credit card number, and replacing it with a randomly generated string, known as a token. This token is designed to have no exploitable value or relation to the original data outside of the secure tokenization system. The original data is securely stored in a centralized location, often referred to as a token vault, while the token itself can be used within the application's internal processes or databases without significant risk of exposing the original sensitive data.

Tokens can be generated via:

A mathematically reversible cryptographic function and a key.
A non-reversible function such as the hash function.
Using an index or randomly generated number.

What is a token vault and how does it work?

A token vault is a secure database designed to store the mappings between original data elements and corresponding tokens. When a token is used, the tokenization system queries the token vault to retrieve the original data for processing, ensuring that the sensitive data is never exposed within the app's operational environment. Access to the token vault is tightly controlled and monitored, making it a critical component of a secure tokenization process. Vaults are further secured with encryption.

Tokenization vs. encryption

Encryption: Transforms data into a secure format readable only with the decryption key. If the key is compromised, the original data can be exposed.
Tokenization: Replaces sensitive data with a token that holds no value or meaning outside the tokenization system. This reduces the impact of a data breach since tokens cannot be reversed without access to the secure token vault.

Encrypting the tokens adds an extra layer of security. Even if the tokenization system is breached, the encrypted tokens would still need to be decrypted, providing enhanced protection for sensitive data.

Tokenization vs. code obfuscation

Tokenization should not be confused with code obfuscation. Code obfuscation is a technique used to make source code more difficult to understand and reverse engineer. Tokenization, however, specifically addresses data security by replacing sensitive data elements with non-sensitive equivalents, which are useless if accessed by unauthorized parties.

Tokenization for the banking and healthcare sectors

Tokenization is a robust method for securing sensitive data in mobile apps, particularly in highly regulated industries. Implementing tokenization reduces organizations’ risks associated with data breaches and unauthorized access.

Banking and payments sector: Tokenization is used to secure payment card data, reducing the PCI DSS compliance scope by minimizing the exposure of cardholder data within the system. It enables secure mobile payments by allowing tokens to represent card information in transactions, thus enhancing security without compromising the payment process.
Healthcare: Tokenization secures patient data like medical records and personal identifiers. By replacing these sensitive details with tokens, healthcare apps can use and share data for analysis and processing without risking the exposure of the actual data, thereby complying with regulations like HIPAA in the United States.

Examples

User authentication: Store and manage user credentials in tokenized form to enhance security in mobile banking and eCommerce apps to reduce unauthorized access.
Secure messaging: Use tokenization to secure elements like phone numbers and email addresses used in messaging apps, ensuring privacy and security in communications.
API security: Secure API calls by tokenizing authentication tokens and credentials, thereby protecting backend services from unauthorized access.

History

Tokens, as representations of value or other things, have been around for centuries — such as casino tokens replacing cash. The concept of tokenization, however, emerged in the tech industry primarily as a means to safeguard sensitive data, long before the rise of mobile apps. It first gained prominence with the growth of e-commerce and digital payments, where tokenization became critical for protecting credit card details and personal information in online transactions.

As the digital economy expanded, so did the use of tokens to secure sensitive data across various platforms. With the explosive growth of mobile devices, tokenization naturally adapted to mobile platforms, providing a secure method for handling mobile transactions and sensitive data. This evolution was largely driven by the rapid increase in mobile-based financial activities and growing concerns about data privacy, making tokenization a key component of modern mobile security strategies.

Future

Recent technological advances and regulatory changes have significantly influenced the adoption and implementation of tokenization. For example:

Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS): Managed by the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council (PCI SSC), this standard mandates tokenization for securing credit card transactions.
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): In the European Union, GDPR enforces strict data protection and privacy rules, making tokenization a vital method for compliance.
California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA): In the United States, the CCPA requires businesses to implement robust data protection measures, including tokenization, to safeguard consumer information.

The increasing prevalence of mobile payments and the IoT has led to the expanded use of tokenization to secure a broader range of data types and transactions. Furthermore, tightening data protection regulations globally has made tokenization an essential method for compliance, pushing developers to integrate it into mobile and cloud-based platforms. These developments ensure that tokenization remains a critical element in the evolving landscape of cybersecurity, adapting to meet new challenges and threats.